When you make changes to files upon sync (embedding artwork, changing formats, leveling volume, etc), it creates all a very large number of temporary files in your temporary directory which are the files that actually get sent to the device.
The ways to fix it are to either send files to your device as they already exist, change your temporary directory to one with more space (google can help here), or sync fewer files per pass.
I don't know why it is showing that the space on F was used up when C was the one filling up.