I'm having this issue as well, I have two portable installs of MusicBee both were running 3.0.6132.15853 and after the Windows 10 x64 Pro 1709 update from Windows Update neither would open, I've updated one to 3.1.6466.36486 and it still won't open, setting the MusicBee.exe to run in Compatibility mode with Windows 8 then allows it to open. I also installed a fresh portable version of 3.1.6466.36486 to a new directory and same issue, I've tried the update in phred's signature however my antivirus has temporarily locked the file as it checks it's not malware. Usually there's a Latest Patch Version thread however there doesn't seem to be one for 3.1.
I'm happy running it in Compatibility mode with Windows 8 but thought I should pop up to let you know I'm having this issue too.